robertsanchez
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Jun 13, 2009, 10:43 PM
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Facility Design For Large Jersey Dairies
Greg Bethard, Ph.D.
Technical Service Specialist, Monsanto
Dairy Business
Dennis Armstrong, Ph.D.
Extension Dairy Specialist, University of
Arizona
(continued to page 29)
Good facility design involves long-term planning plus painstaking attention
to detail. This dairy illustrates the use of 5-in-10 headlocks mounted in
8” curbs, with 500 sq. ft. of corral space per cow. Note the proper installation
of shades.
RESEARCH FOUNDATION
panel to the brisket area is the limiting factor.
For 900- to 1,000-pound cows, this
should be 55” to 60”.
The milking parlor should be located to
avoid excessive cow walking. Forced walks
Approximate
% of Milking Double Double Double Double Double Double
Herd4 10 16 20 30 40 50
Steady state throughput/hr 90 144 180 270 360 450
Theoretical Cow Numbers1 585 936 1,170 1,755 2,340 2,925
Total lactating cows 100 609 974 1,217 1,826 2,435 3,043
Suggested group size1 68 108 135 203 270 338
Actual group size2 70 112 140 210 280 350
Min. parlor turns/hr required 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
Healthy lactating cows 92 560 896 1,120 1,680 2,240 2,800
Sick cows 2 12 19 24 37 49 61
Fresh cows 4 24 39 49 73 97 122
Slow milkers, lame cows 2 12 19 24 37 49 61
Maternity 0.33 2 3 4 6 8 10
Dry cows and heifers 25 146 234 293 439 585 731
Freshened cows per year 115 673 1,076 1,346 2,018 2,691 3,364
Over-conditioned dry cows 5 29 47 59 88 117 146
Under-conditioned dry cows 5 29 47 59 88 117 146
Close-up dry cows 5 29 47 59 88 117 146
Close-up heifers5 29 47 59 88 117 146
Close-up overflow pen 5 29 47 59 88 117 146
Total Cows in Herd 125 755 1,208 1,510 2,265 3,020 3,775
Young Heifers3
Age Ranges (months)
Beginning Ending
Birth 1.5 7 42 67 84 126 168 210
1.5 2.5 5 28 45 56 84 112 140
2.5 6 17 98 157 196 294 392 491
6 12 29 168 269 336 505 673 841
12 15 14 84 135 168 252 336 420
15 24 43 252 404 505 757 1,009 1,261
Greater than 24 months 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Heifers 115 673 1,076 1,346 2,018 2,691 3,364
1 Based on milking times and parlor throughput 3 For planning purposes, no death loss assumed.
2 Round to nearest increment of parlor size from box above 4 From Smith et al., Proceedings from 1999 Western Dairy Management Conference.
Table 1. Preliminary sizing of dairy facilities with different parlor sizes
Group Size Multiples
Double Double Double Double Double Double
10 16 20 30 40 50
50 80 100 150 200 250
60 96 120 180 240 300
70 112 140 210 280 350
80 128 160 240 320 400
90 144 180 270 360 450
100 160 200 300 400 500
Assumptions
Milking frequency (times/day) 3x
Steady state throughput 6.5 hours
Parlor turns per hour 4.5
Milking time per group 45 minutes
Milking cow groups 8
Age at first calving 24 months
more than 600’ with 3x milking or more than
900’ with 2x milking should be avoided. A
forced walk is defined as the distance from
the holding pen entrance to the corral. For
free stall barns it is the distance from the
holding pen entrance to one-half the length
of the free stall barn.
If a wash pen is utilized, it should provide
10 sq. ft. to 12 sq. ft. per cow. Wash
pens effectively clean cows when nozzles
are spaced 5.5’ apart in one direction and 6’
in the other. The holding pen should pro-
(continued from page 27)
RESEARCH FOUNDATION
rately will not have to compete for feed and
water space with older cows and can be fed
a different ration if needed.
Design criteria for these groups are listed
in Table 2. Close-up cows should be managed
with intensity similar to early lactation
cows. High dry matter intake during this
period is critical to a smooth transition into
the milking herd and high peak milk production.
Thus, the close-up group should
have feed bunk, shade, and corral space
similar to milking cows. Facilities should
enable TMR feeding to accommodate diets
with less palatable ingredients such as anionic
salts.
Young Stock Facilities
Baby Calves. Most Jersey producers utilize
calf hutches for baby calves. A well
ventilated 4’ by 8’ hutch with an outside
exercise area (4’ x 4’) is optimal. Smaller
hutches (4’ by 4’) generally provide inadequate
shade or are poorly ventilated, both
of which can stress a young calf. Hutches
should provide free choice water from birth,
and free choice calf starter from two to three
days of age.
Transition Calves. Defined loosely as the
one-month period after weaning, the transition
period is critical to the success of a
young calf program. Calves are under considerable
stress during the transition period,
since they are adapting to a dry diet and to
social interaction with other calves. Thus,
properly designed facilities are critical for
these calves. Table 2 provides some suggested
recommendations. In addition, a critical
aspect to successful transition is group
size, which is discussed later in the paper.
Older Heifers. Table 2 lists suggested
shade and corral areas, curb sizes,
headlocks, and platform widths for Jersey
Table 2. Dry-lot design criteria for Jersey cows and heifers.
Minimum Minimum Curb1 Platform Widths1
Corral Shade Animal Feed Thickness Headlocks Feed Animal
Area Area side side
Ft2/head Ft2/head Inches Inches Inches Holes/ 10-feet Feet Feet
Lactating cows 500 36 16 12 8 5 12 12
Close-up dry cows 500 36 16 12 8 5 12 12
Far-off dry cows 400 36 16 12 8 5 12 12
Bred heifers (15-24 mo.) 300-400 20-25 16 12 8 5-6 12 10
Breeding-age heifers (12-14 mo.) 200-300 15-20 16 12 8 6 12 10
10-12 mo.-old heifers 200-300 15-20 14-16 10-12 8 6-7 12 10
5-9 mo.-old heifers 150-200 15-20 12 8 6 7-8 12 8
3-5 mo.-old heifers 100-150 30-40 12 8 6 8-9 12 8
Transition calves (post–weaning) 50-100 40-50 12 8 6 9 12 8
roberto sanchez,RCDD
Facilius Per. Partes in cognitionem totius adducimur. Seneca -Es mas fácil entender por partes que entenderlo todo-
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