robertsanchez
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Jun 13, 2009, 10:43 PM
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Facility Design For Large Jersey Dairies Greg Bethard, Ph.D. Technical Service Specialist, Monsanto Dairy Business Dennis Armstrong, Ph.D. Extension Dairy Specialist, University of Arizona (continued to page 29) Good facility design involves long-term planning plus painstaking attention to detail. This dairy illustrates the use of 5-in-10 headlocks mounted in 8” curbs, with 500 sq. ft. of corral space per cow. Note the proper installation of shades. RESEARCH FOUNDATION panel to the brisket area is the limiting factor. For 900- to 1,000-pound cows, this should be 55” to 60”. The milking parlor should be located to avoid excessive cow walking. Forced walks Approximate % of Milking Double Double Double Double Double Double Herd4 10 16 20 30 40 50 Steady state throughput/hr 90 144 180 270 360 450 Theoretical Cow Numbers1 585 936 1,170 1,755 2,340 2,925 Total lactating cows 100 609 974 1,217 1,826 2,435 3,043 Suggested group size1 68 108 135 203 270 338 Actual group size2 70 112 140 210 280 350 Min. parlor turns/hr required 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 Healthy lactating cows 92 560 896 1,120 1,680 2,240 2,800 Sick cows 2 12 19 24 37 49 61 Fresh cows 4 24 39 49 73 97 122 Slow milkers, lame cows 2 12 19 24 37 49 61 Maternity 0.33 2 3 4 6 8 10 Dry cows and heifers 25 146 234 293 439 585 731 Freshened cows per year 115 673 1,076 1,346 2,018 2,691 3,364 Over-conditioned dry cows 5 29 47 59 88 117 146 Under-conditioned dry cows 5 29 47 59 88 117 146 Close-up dry cows 5 29 47 59 88 117 146 Close-up heifers5 29 47 59 88 117 146 Close-up overflow pen 5 29 47 59 88 117 146 Total Cows in Herd 125 755 1,208 1,510 2,265 3,020 3,775 Young Heifers3 Age Ranges (months) Beginning Ending Birth 1.5 7 42 67 84 126 168 210 1.5 2.5 5 28 45 56 84 112 140 2.5 6 17 98 157 196 294 392 491 6 12 29 168 269 336 505 673 841 12 15 14 84 135 168 252 336 420 15 24 43 252 404 505 757 1,009 1,261 Greater than 24 months 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Heifers 115 673 1,076 1,346 2,018 2,691 3,364 1 Based on milking times and parlor throughput 3 For planning purposes, no death loss assumed. 2 Round to nearest increment of parlor size from box above 4 From Smith et al., Proceedings from 1999 Western Dairy Management Conference. Table 1. Preliminary sizing of dairy facilities with different parlor sizes Group Size Multiples Double Double Double Double Double Double 10 16 20 30 40 50 50 80 100 150 200 250 60 96 120 180 240 300 70 112 140 210 280 350 80 128 160 240 320 400 90 144 180 270 360 450 100 160 200 300 400 500 Assumptions Milking frequency (times/day) 3x Steady state throughput 6.5 hours Parlor turns per hour 4.5 Milking time per group 45 minutes Milking cow groups 8 Age at first calving 24 months more than 600’ with 3x milking or more than 900’ with 2x milking should be avoided. A forced walk is defined as the distance from the holding pen entrance to the corral. For free stall barns it is the distance from the holding pen entrance to one-half the length of the free stall barn. If a wash pen is utilized, it should provide 10 sq. ft. to 12 sq. ft. per cow. Wash pens effectively clean cows when nozzles are spaced 5.5’ apart in one direction and 6’ in the other. The holding pen should pro- (continued from page 27) RESEARCH FOUNDATION rately will not have to compete for feed and water space with older cows and can be fed a different ration if needed. Design criteria for these groups are listed in Table 2. Close-up cows should be managed with intensity similar to early lactation cows. High dry matter intake during this period is critical to a smooth transition into the milking herd and high peak milk production. Thus, the close-up group should have feed bunk, shade, and corral space similar to milking cows. Facilities should enable TMR feeding to accommodate diets with less palatable ingredients such as anionic salts. Young Stock Facilities Baby Calves. Most Jersey producers utilize calf hutches for baby calves. A well ventilated 4’ by 8’ hutch with an outside exercise area (4’ x 4’) is optimal. Smaller hutches (4’ by 4’) generally provide inadequate shade or are poorly ventilated, both of which can stress a young calf. Hutches should provide free choice water from birth, and free choice calf starter from two to three days of age. Transition Calves. Defined loosely as the one-month period after weaning, the transition period is critical to the success of a young calf program. Calves are under considerable stress during the transition period, since they are adapting to a dry diet and to social interaction with other calves. Thus, properly designed facilities are critical for these calves. Table 2 provides some suggested recommendations. In addition, a critical aspect to successful transition is group size, which is discussed later in the paper. Older Heifers. Table 2 lists suggested shade and corral areas, curb sizes, headlocks, and platform widths for Jersey Table 2. Dry-lot design criteria for Jersey cows and heifers. Minimum Minimum Curb1 Platform Widths1 Corral Shade Animal Feed Thickness Headlocks Feed Animal Area Area side side Ft2/head Ft2/head Inches Inches Inches Holes/ 10-feet Feet Feet Lactating cows 500 36 16 12 8 5 12 12 Close-up dry cows 500 36 16 12 8 5 12 12 Far-off dry cows 400 36 16 12 8 5 12 12 Bred heifers (15-24 mo.) 300-400 20-25 16 12 8 5-6 12 10 Breeding-age heifers (12-14 mo.) 200-300 15-20 16 12 8 6 12 10 10-12 mo.-old heifers 200-300 15-20 14-16 10-12 8 6-7 12 10 5-9 mo.-old heifers 150-200 15-20 12 8 6 7-8 12 8 3-5 mo.-old heifers 100-150 30-40 12 8 6 8-9 12 8 Transition calves (post–weaning) 50-100 40-50 12 8 6 9 12 8 roberto sanchez,RCDD Facilius Per. Partes in cognitionem totius adducimur. Seneca -Es mas fácil entender por partes que entenderlo todo-
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